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October 17th, 2010, 08:17 PM
Post Count Number #1
Toxicology Scientist Mumbai : Piramal Life Sciences
Toxicology-Genotoxicology
Position : Research Associate/Junior Research Scientist
Department : Pharmacology
Group : Toxicology (Discovery)
Reporting to : Senior Director
Education : M.Sc/M.Pharm/M.V.Sc (experienced)/Ph.D (fresh/experienced)
Experience : 2 – 5 years toxicology experience
Age Group : 24 – 30 years (flexible)
Location : Mumbai
Job Description-The job will involve mainly ex-vivo studies, however the candidate should be willing to take up in-vivo studies whenever required. Conducting experiments in a team oriented environment and will be expected to analyze and draw conclusions. The candidate will also be expected to multitask and troubleshoot. Must have good manual dexterity and demonstrate careful attention to detail. Accurate documentation of results and drafting reports is also essential. Adherence to international regulatory guidelines is a must. Should be able to work in a team. Prior experience in genotoxicity (i.e. Ames Test, Chromosome Aberration, Microucleus Test, Comet Assay) will be advantageous.
Contact Us
Piramal Life Sciences Limited,
1, Nirlon Complex,
Goregaon (East),
Mumbai - 400 063.
Board No: +91 22 3081 8000
Fax No: +91 22 3081 8036
Mail your CVs to research.recruitment@piramal.com
Website : http://www.piramallifesciences.com
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December 29th, 2010, 11:22 AM
Post Count Number #2
Re: Toxicology Scientist Jobs Mumbai : Piramal Life Sciences
To,
The Management,
I have enough experience in the field of Genotoxicity.
I have worked as a Study Director In GLP certified CRO.
Hope I will get the opportunity to face the interview at your organization.
Pavan D. Ghavi
pdghavi@gmail.com
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May 14th, 2011, 03:41 PM
Post Count Number #3
IJT addict
For the Post of Clinical research Data Coordinator in your esteem organization
To,
The Human Resource Manager,
Subject: For the Post of Research Associate in your esteem organization
Respected Sir,
My self, Vikram Kumar M.Pharm Pharmacology candidate, offer my candidature for the post of Research associate in your organization. It would be a great opportunity to learn and its gives me immense pleasure to give my services to your Organization. I have done my project work on “Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity of Herbal plant PBL-EP dry extract and its isolated phytoconstituents on experimental animals ” in Pharmacology Research & Development Department, at Panacea Biotec Ltd. R&D lalru (Punjab) under Dr.Dilip Roy .
So, kindly give me a chance to prove my worth. Madam, this is a promise that I will not let you down under any circumstances and I will prove myself as an asset for the organization.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
(Vikram Kumar)
Encl: Curriculum vitae M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
CURRICULUM VITAE
Permanent Address
#-Prabha Hospital
Laxmi Nagar, Niwaru Road
Jhotwara, JAIPUR-302012 (Raj.)
E-mail: vikram5april AT rediffmail.com
Mob: 09166049975, 09314617750
VIKRAM KUMAR, M.Pharm Pharmacology
Objective:
To work in stimulating and challenging environment where my knowledge and skills used for benefit for organization.
Educational Qualification:
- Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) – with First Division , 2007-2009
K.M.Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences -Rourkela, under BPUT-Rourkela
- Bachelor of Pharmacy – with First Division, 2006
Indo-Soviet friendship College of Pharmacy –Moga (Punjab) under PTU-Jalandhar
- Sen. Secondary (10+2) with first Division from RBSE-Ajmer (Rajasthan)
- Secondary (10) with first Division from RBSE-Ajmer (Rajasthan)
Experience:
- From Nov.2008, working as a Project Research Trainee (Pharmacology Research & Development Department) in Panacea Biotec Ltd. R&D, Lalru, Punjab and still continue.
- One year teaching experience in Rajasthan Pharmacy College Jaipur during (2006 to 2007).
- Two month industrial training at Rajasthan Drugs Pharmaceutical Ltd- Jaipur, during B.Pharm. in different section i.e. Tablet, Capsule, Powder, Liquid and Quality control.
M.Pharm Project Work:
“Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity of Herbal dry extract PBL-X and its isolated phytoconstituents on experimental animals” under the esteemed industrial guidance of Dr. Dilip Roy (Assistant Manager), PRD division, Panacea Biotec Ltd R&D. Lalru (Punjab) and institutional guidance of Dr.Prof.J.Mohanty H.O.D of Pharmacology at KMIPS-Rourkela.
B.Pharm Project Work:
“Evaluation of COX-2 inhibitor as a possible target to inhibit neovascularization in chorioallontoic membrane of chick embryo.”
Area of interest:
- Pre clinical & Clinical Research and Development.
- Drug regulatory affairs.
Job Responsibilities:
- Review of Literature and development of new animal models.
- Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic effects of drugs in different animals models.
- Evaluation of Pharmacodynamics effects of drugs in different animal models.
- Design and perform acute toxicity studies.
- Safety pharmacology study of drugs according to ICH guidelines.
- Protocol and Report preparation of studies conducted.
Experimental skills:
- Good animal handling i.e. Mice, Rat, Rabbit, Ginni pig, Dog, Sheep.
- Dosing of experimental animals by different routes i.e. oral, i.v., s.c., i.p., and topical.
- Blood withdrawal from retro orbital, cardiac, I.V, for the pharmacokinetic studies of drugs.
- Well versed with isolation of the tissue or organ from animals.
Equipment Exposure:
Blood Pressure recorder, Organ bath, Plathysmometer, Rota Rod, Tail flick, Hot Plate, Convulsometer, Double Beam UV/VIS Spectrophotometer, pH meter, gel electrophoresis, Auto cell counter and ELISA etc.
Seminar presented :
- Clinical Trial evaluation
- Recent advances in Pharmacology theory of Renin-angiotensin system.
Computer Knowledge:
Good Working Knowledge of MS Office and Internet Surfing.
Interests and activities:
Playing cricket, Net surfing, Participations in social activities
Personal Details:
Date of Birth : 05th April, 1984
Gender : Male
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July 8th, 2011, 12:12 AM
Post Count Number #4
To,
The HR Manager
Sub : Application for suitable post in your esteemed organization
Respected Madam / Sir,
I take this opportunity to introduce myself as Chandan Pandey, Masters of Pharmacy (Pharmacology) from Prin. K.M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy Mumbai, Maharashtra. I wish to submit my C.V .to your esteemed organization as an important step towards realization of my goal.
Why me among the heap.
- I am a highly motivated self – starting team player with a strong desire to learn and excel in a field of R&D.
- I am a quick learner and provide imaginative solutions when ever encountered with a problem.
- I have flair in management and administration.
I am enclosing my resume for your kind persual and will be grateful, if you could give me an opportunity to serve in your organization. I assure you that, I shall discharge my duties to the best my abilities and to the satisfaction on my superiors.
CHANDAN PANDEY
E-MAIL :
c.chandanpandey AT rediff.com.in
chandanpandey54 AT yahoo.com.in
PERMANENT ADDRESS :
Railway Mens Apna Ghar, Co-operative Housing society, Flat No.k-303, Shivaji Nagar, Jogeshwari (East). Mumbai- 400060.
OBJECTIVES
- To be a successful Professional and to pursue a challenging career.
- To seek opportunities for growth, expertise and exposure as a natural progression for my professional career.
EDUCATION QUALIFICATION
M.PHARM. at Prin. K.M.Kundnani College of pharmacy, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai- 400005.
First year - 62 %
B.PHARM. at H(S)NCB’s Dr. LHHCOP, Ulhasnagar
Securing –
First year - 75.53%
Second year - 74.48%
Third year - 72.09%
Final year - 71.25%
HSC at, G.M.E.S.Jr. College, Vile Parle, from Mumbai board, securing 76.40% in Feb, 2004.
SSC from Maharashtra State Board, Pune securing 75.50% in March, 2002.
PRESENT STATUS
Pursuing M.Pharm in Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics (Synopsis submitted) at Prin. K.M.Kundnani College of pharmacy, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai.
TECHNICAL QUALIFICATION
Software skills : MS Word, Power Point,, GraphPad 3.10 InStat, Prism.
PERSONAL SKILLS
Good Verbal and Written Communication Skills, Willingness to Learn Team player, Deterministic, Creative, Good Organizer, Optimist, Hard working, Good Interpersonal Relationship.
HOBBIES
Reading books & journals, travelling, internet surfing, cricket, table tennis and carom.
CONFERENCES AND PRESENTATIONS
1. Participated as a delegate in the AICTE sponsored National Seminar in Aug, 2008.
2. Participated in National conference on recent trends of research in pharmaceutical science-2008. For presenting the scientific work entitled- Comparative Study on AntibacterialActivity of Pollen Grains and Inflorescence of Typhae angustata.
3. Participated in Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India – 2010. For presenting the scientific work entitled- Comparison of In-vitro Antioxidant activity of Punarnava mandur-a polyherbal formulation (PHF-09) and Punarnava roots extracts.
4. Participated in 62nd Indian Pharmaceutial Congress 2010. For presenting the scientific work entitled- Hepatoprotective activity of freeze dried Aloe vera gel extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
As part of the Curriculum, completed 1 month Industrial Inplant Training in Quality Control (Parenteral & Oral) at Fair Deal Corporation Pvt. Ltd., Jogeshwari.
EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES
1. Winner of 2ndprize on topic Rational Use of Drugs -2005 conducted by Bhartiya
Vidyapith College of pharmacy, Belapur.
2. Actively Participated in Tuberculosis Awareness Camp conducted by IPA in 2005-06.
RESEARCH PROJECT
Investigations on Plant extracts for potential bioactivity
Major Research Objectives :
- To screen acute toxicity of liquorice extracts derived from plant sources as per OECD guidelines 423.
- To evaluate and compare nootropic activity of aqueous licorice extract and glabridin rich extract by using various pharmacology models (Object recognition task, Elevated plus maze and Passive avoidance paradigm) in mice and rats.
Research supervisor : Dr. Mrs. S. K. Desai.
AREA OF INTEREST
Pre-clinical and Clinical Studies
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August 22nd, 2011, 09:10 PM
Post Count Number #5
R e s u m e . . .
Kapil A. Thakur
E-mail :kapilthakur3188 AT gmail.com
Objective
To work in opportunistic environment at challenging position where I can utilize and enhance my skills.
Summary
- Done M. Pharm.(Pharmacology)
- Qualified GATE-2009 with score 90.92 percentile.
- Bachelor of Pharmacy with first class.
Summary of Qualification
Post Graduation : Master of Pharmacy II (Pharmacology).
: Master of Pharmacy I (67.33 %)
University : RTM Nagpur University.
Graduation : Bachelor of Pharmacy.
University : Pune University.
Percentage : F.Y. 63.41 %
Year of Passing : 2009
HSC : Higher Secondary School Certification.
Board : Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary
Education – Nasik Divisional Board.
Percentage : 66.50 %.
Year of Passing : 2005
SSC : Secondary School Certification.
Board : Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary
Education – Nasik Divisional Board.
Percentage : 82.40%.
Year of Passing : 2003
Conferences/workshops attended :
- One day workshop sponsored by CIPARA on ‘Crafting Career in Pharmacy’ held at Nagpur, January 24, 2010.
- One day National Seminar organized by UDPS, RTM Nagpur university, Nagpur on ‘Regulatory Affairs in Pharmaceutical Industry’ February 13, 2010.
- Two Days workshop on “Surgical and Behavioral Techniques in Neuropharmacology” jointly organized by IPS and SKB College of pharmacy, kamtee February 27-28, 2010.
- Participated In 43rd Annual conference of Indian Pharmacological Society (IPS) organized by national executive committee held at the FOOD AND DRUG TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH CENTRE, national institute of nutrition (Indian Council Of Medical Research), Hydarabad from 13th- 16th December 2010
Project & Research work
- I have done project on topic entitled “SUB-ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY STUDY OF AGOMELATINE IN WISTAR RAT” for partial fulfillment of my M. Pharmacy
Extra Curricular Activities
- Participated in “National Pharma Talent Search Exam” orgnized by PHARMA HELPLINE SOCIETY, Jaipur-2009 and secured 59th rank.
- Presented poster on topic “ REVERSAL BY QUERCETIN OF CRF INDUCED ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN MICE” In 43rd Annual conference of Indian Pharmacological Society (IPS) organized by national executive committee held at the FOOD AND DRUG TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH CENTRE, national institute of nutrition (Indian Council Of Medical Research), Hydarabad from 13th- 16th December 2010.
Work Experience
- Undergone one month training in Glenmark Pharmaceutical Ltd. , Satpur MIDC, Plot No :27-39 Satpur , Nashik-522007.
- Undergone one year training in Cadila Pharmaceutical Ltd. , Ahmedabad , Gujarat in Pharmacology & toxicology Dept.
Skill and Ability
Expert in
- Experimental animal handling e.g. Mice, Rat, Guinea pig, Rabbit
- Drug preparation and administration through various routes such as IP,IV,IM,SC,ID,Oral.
- Blood collection by Retro orbital and Heart puncture method.
- Serum and Plasma separation techniques.
- Data analysis and interpretation capabilities by various method such as Student t- test, ANOVAs etc.
- Practical knowledge of various experimental animal model e.g. Rota rod, EPM, Hot plate method, Plethismometer, Actophotometer, morris water maize etc
Study carried out by me in cadila
- Pharma efficacy and evaluation study in experimental animal
- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic study
- Various Toxicology study such as Acute and sub acute toxicity, Repeated dose toxicity
- Anti-diabetic study
- Immunological study of vaccines
- Skin sensitization study
- Bioequivalence & Bioavailability studies
- Dose Range Finding (DRF)
- Maximum Tolerable Dose(MTD)
Area of interest
- Preclinical / Clinical
- PK-PD / DMPK
- Behavioral Pharmacology
- Toxicology
Computer Awareness
- MS Word / MS excel /Internet Explorer
- Operating System : Windows 98/XP/vista/7
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August 31st, 2011, 12:56 PM
Post Count Number #6
CURRICULUM VITAE
AMIT KANAIYALAL PRAJAPATI
E-Mail : amitkalikund AT yahoo.com
CAREER OBJECTIVE :
Looking for high growth and challenging opportunities to exploit my talent in the best environment for emerging as a competitive professional and work with dedication and sincerity towards the achievement of result oriented approach combined with my personal and intellectual ability.
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION :
Discipline : M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
Institute : L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad.
Degree Year Board/University Percentage
M.Pharm(Pharmacology) 2011 L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad.
Gujarat technological university 7.69 CPI
B.Pharm 2008 L.J. Institute of Pharmacy,
Ahmedabad.
Gujarat University. 62 %
H.S.C 2004 G.H.S.E.B 70.62%
MERIT-78%
S.S.C 2002 G.S.E.B 81%
# CPI (Cumulative Performance Index)
PROJECT UNDERTAKEN :
Project on “SUB-ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY STUDY OF BOSENTAN ON WISTAR RATS” at Cadila pharmaceuticals Ltd. Dholka.
AREA OF INTEREST :
- Clinical research (Trials) and BA/BE research.
- Pre-clinical (pharmacology and toxicology research).
- Medical writing.
- Pharmacovigilance.
- Academics.
SEMINAR DELIVERED :
1) NMDA receptors.
2) Peptic ulcer and its treatments.
3) Role and Responsibilities of clinical trial personals as per ICH GCP guidelines.
SEMINAR/WORKSHOP ATTENDED :
1) Participated in the one day regional workshop “Role of CPCSEA in education and research” of committee for the purpose of control and supervision of experiments on animals (CPCSEA) held on 15th march, 2010 at NIRMA UNIVERSITY campus. Ahmedabad (Gujarat).
2) Participated in state conference on “ASPECT OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY” as research delegate organized at ANAND PHARMACY COLLEGE, ANAND, on 15th July 2010.
STRENGTHS AND SKILLS :
- Animal handling and blood collection from different routes ( like retro-orbital cavity and tail vein),
- SOP preparation, taking ICF, knowledge of Pharmaceutical statistics.
- Knowledge of Microsoft Office- Word, Excel Power Point and Internet usage.
- Adaptability, Emotional stability.
- Love to work in a team
- Determined & disciplined to pursue my goals.
- Proactive with positive attitude.
LANGUAGE;: To write, speak, & read GUJARATI, HINDI & ENGLISH.
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September 6th, 2011, 09:20 AM
Post Count Number #7
CURRICULUM VITAE
KRISHNA MURARI
Email : krishnabiotech51 AT gmail.com
CAREER OBJECTIVE
To be working in the biotechnology industry enhancing my knowledge and producing effective results.
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION
Degree Univ./Board College/School Year of passing Result
SSC BSEB,PATNA HIGH SCHOOL
BAKHARIDOA,VAISHALI 2003 53%
HSC BIEC,PATNA DR.R.M.L.S.COLLEGE,
MUZAFFARPUR 2005 51%
B.Sc. Biotech.(Hons.) B.R.A.B.U
MUZAFFARPUR DR.J.M.COLLEGE
MUZAFFARPUR 2008 69%
M.Sc
Biotechnology.
MAGADH UNIVERSITY,BODHGAYA A.N.COLLEGE,PATNA 2009-11
(PRE)
FINAL 70%
( Pre.)
Final Yr.
( R A)
AREA OF INTEREST
Molecular biology, Biochemistry, Cell biology, Environmental Biotechnology
TECHNIQUES KNOWN
- Isolation & purification of nucleic acids
- Purification of protein
- Gel electrophoresis & SDS–PAGE
- Western blotting
- PCR & Real Time PCR
- BACTEC 460 TB System
- Genetic techniques (phage lysate preparation, transduction, transformation, conjugation, transpositional mutagenesis)
- Microbiological techniques (media preparation, inoculation, antibiotic sensitivity, Gram’s staining, AFB staining, light microscopy)
- Fast plaque assay
- ELISA
- Spectrophotometry
- Paper chromatography & TLC
- Histopathology (tissue fixation, processing, embedding, sectioning, preparation of fixatives)
SEMINARS/CONFERENCES ATTENDED
- National symposium on climate change and sustainable development in Magadh Mahila college, Patna University, patna.
- Participate in National Seminar On Importance Of Medicinal And Aromatic Plants In Bihar Economy organized by OSD state Medicinal Plants Board, Health Dept., Govt.of Bihar.
- Participate in impact of Environmental pollutants on Health and Fertility at Mahavir Cancer Institute and Research Centre Patna Bihar.
- Participate in Ntional Seminar On Applications Of Biotechnology & The development of Bihar, organized by Central university Of Bihar & Birla Institute Of Technology.
WORKSHOPS ATTENDED
- Amity Institute Of Microbial Sciences, Amity university, Lucknow, Topic – Application of Nanotechnology in Microbial & Herbal Product Development.
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hajipur Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIS),Patna. Topic – Advance Separation Technology.
PROJECT EXPERIENCE
1. Tirhut Udyog Limited Sudha Dairy,Muzaffarpur.
- A project entitled “On Bacteriological Test”,
From 23/05/2006 to 22/06/2006.
2. Dr.J.M.College Muzaffarpur.
- A project entitled “Tissue Culture Studies Of Wild Species Of Solanum Nigrum Dr. L.N.Shukla, University Department Of Botany, B.R.Ambedkar Bihar University Muzaffarpur Bihar.
From 19/07/2008 to 13/09/2008.
3. Auroprobe laboratories, Ghaziabad. (Uttar Pradesh).
A project entitled “Comparative Study of PCR and BACTEC 460 System for the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis.
From 02/11/2010 to 01/03/2011.
Work Experience
Having one year work experience as a Lab Technician in Auroprobe laboratories,Ghaziabad. Uttar Pradesh.
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February 11th, 2014, 04:09 PM
Post Count Number #8
post for research associate for pharmacology and toxicology
Firoz K. Daginawala
firozdaginawala AT yahoo.co.in
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION :
Degree Institute Year :
B.Sc. , Microbiology Wilson College, University of Bombay 1980-85
M.Sc., Microbiology Sir H.N. Hospital, University of Bombay 1986-89
M.Sc.,Pharmaceutical Sciences
(Biopharmacy) Kings College London University of London 1990-91
M.Sc. , Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmaceutical Technology) Kings College London
University of London 1991-92
THESIS TITLES :
1. Rapid cultivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Veeraraghavan’s liquid medium.
2. Determination of Paracetamol in saliva and plasma and estimation of it’s saliva to plasma concentration ratio in the sick elderly.
3. Controlled release of Diclofenac sodium from the alginate compressed tablets.
PUBLICATIONS :
F.K. Daginawala and D.D. Banker (1991). Rapid cultivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Veeraraghavan’s liquid medium. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 45 (11) : 298-306.
WORK EXPERIENCE :
Wockhardt Ltd., CPB Department.
Designation : Research Associate (R2 Level) September-2005 till date
Job Responsibilities
** In charge Sample separation
** Coordinate with project coordinator for study schedule for labeling of plasma vials and vacutainers.
** Responsible for segregation of various matrices of study samples.
** Responsible for Handover of study samples (Plasma/Serum/blood) to In-house Bioanalytical Department.
** Responsible for Handover of study samples (Plasma/Serum/blood) to Clinical Research Organization in case of outsourcing of Bioanalytical part of a BA/BE study.
** Responsible for coordination for queries related to study samples transferred to other department.
** Responsible for maintenance, calibration of centrifuge machines installed at Sample separation area.
** Responsible for maintenance, calibration of Deep freezers installed at Sample separation area.
** Ensure timely completion and correctness of relevant logbooks for calibration and maintenance of centrifuge machines.
** Maintenance of SOPs in sample separation area.
Study related activities
** Volunteer registration
** Volunteer screening
** Volunteer check-in and check-out activities include attendance, breath alcohol test, drugs of abuse test and Body/baggage check up
** Study sample separation (Serum/Plasma), Dosing and dosing supervisor
** Custodian activities
Designation : Executive, R& D Fermentation , July 2004 to August 2005
Job Responsibilities
Bacteriophage testing in the fermentation batches of Vitamin B 12
Evaluation of anti-phage agents by determining the titre of Vit. B12 by Activated Shake Flask method.
UNIPEX DAIRY PRODUCTS CO. SHARJAH,UAE.
Designation : Microbiologist , Quality Assurance Officer , Jan.2002 to Dec. 2003
Job Responsibilities
Microbiological analysis of ice-creams, ice-cream mixes and ingredients
Online ice-cream inspection and quality control.
CENTRAL FOOD CONTROL LABORATORY ** AJMAN, U.A.E.
Designation : Microbiologist, June 1997 – Dec.2001
Job Responsibilities
Microbiological testing of seafood, dairy food, meat,bakery items, etc.
WOCKHARDT RESEARCH CENTRE ** AURANGABAD, INDIA.
Designation : Research Associate in Pharmacology &Toxicology division, April 1995 – March 1997
Job Responsibilities
Preclinical screening of drugs, toxicity studies and bioefficacy studies in the laboratory animals (mice, rabbits, rats, guinea pigs).
CIPLA LTD. BOMBAY, INDIA
Designation : R and D Officer in the pharmaceutical R & D section, Jan 1993-Dec 1994.
Job Responsibilities
Preparation of different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms such as tablets, gels, creams, powders, etc. Stability studies of the dosage forms and scale-up process.
NOON PRODUCTS PLC, LONDON (U.K.)
Designation : Microbiologist (Microbiology laboratory and QA Dept.) Oct 1990 – Sep. 1992.
Job Responsibilities
Microbiological testing of chilled and frozen foods for coliforms, staphylococci, E.Coli, yeast & moulds. Collection of bacteriological swabs, implementation of first class hygienic and sanitary conditions.